Purified Water Archives | GxP Cellators Consultants Ltd.

Deprogenating-Tunnel-1280x966.jpg

What is a Depyrogenating Tunnel?

A depyrogenating tunnel is a specialized piece of equipment used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to eliminate pyrogens, primarily endotoxins, from containers such as glass vials and syringes. This equipment is crucial for ensuring the safety of injectable products by preventing the introduction of fever-inducing substances into the body.

Why is it Required?

  1. Safety: To protect patients from potential adverse reactions caused by pyrogen contamination in injectable drugs.
  2. Regulatory Compliance: To adhere to the stringent global requirements set by health authorities.
  3. Product Quality: To maintain the efficacy and safety of sterile pharmaceutical products.

Different Components of a Depyrogenating Tunnel

  1. Pre-Heating Zone: Gradually raises the temperature of containers before the main depyrogenation.
  2. Heating Zone: Exposes containers to high temperatures (typically 250°C to 300°C) to effectively destroy pyrogens.
  3. Cooling Zone: Allows containers to cool down gradually after heating, preventing thermal shock.
  4. Conveyor System: Continuously transports containers through different zones in a controlled manner.
  5. Control Panel: Monitors and controls operational parameters such as temperature, time, and airflow.
  6. Safety Features: Includes interlocks and alarms to ensure safe operation.

How to Qualify a Depyrogenating Tunnel

Step-by-Step Detailed Process for Qualification

  1. Installation Qualification (IQ):
    • Documentation Requirements:
      • Installation qualification plan.
      • Manufacturer’s specifications and drawings.
      • Calibration certificates for all measuring instruments.
    • Physical Inspection:
      • Verify installation against specifications.
      • Confirm that the equipment is in the designated location.
    • Utilities Check:
      • Ensure proper connections for electricity, water, and gas.
    • Calibration Verification:
      • Check that all temperature sensors and instruments are calibrated.
  2. Operational Qualification (OQ):
    • Documentation Requirements:
      • OQ protocol.
      • Temperature mapping report.
      • Calibration records for operational parameters.
    • Temperature Mapping:
      • Conduct mapping studies using data loggers to verify uniform temperature distribution throughout the heating zone.
    • Testing Operational Parameters:
      • Validate conveyor speed and airflow.
    • Safety Features Testing:
      • Test alarms, emergency stops, and interlocks for proper functionality.
  3. Performance Qualification (PQ):
    • Documentation Requirements:
      • PQ protocol.
      • Results of validation runs.
      • Environmental monitoring records.
    • Spiked Sample Tests:
      • Use spiked vials or biological indicators (e.g., B. subtilis spores) to demonstrate effective pyrogen removal.
    • Repeatability Testing:
      • Conduct multiple validation runs to verify consistent performance.
    • Environmental Monitoring:
      • Monitor cleanroom conditions to ensure compliance with GMP standards.

Total Detailed Documents Required

For Each Qualification Stage

  1. Installation Qualification (IQ):
    • Installation Qualification Plan
    • Equipment Specifications and Drawings
    • Calibration Certificates
    • Utility Connection Verification Records
    • Installation Checklist
  2. Operational Qualification (OQ):
    • Operational Qualification Protocol
    • Temperature Mapping Protocol and Report
    • Operational Parameter Verification Records
    • Calibration Records for Operational Equipment
    • Safety Features Testing Records
  3. Performance Qualification (PQ):
    • Performance Qualification Protocol
    • Validation Test Results and Analysis
    • Environmental Monitoring Records
    • Repeatability Test Records
    • Final Report summarizing PQ findings

Regulatory Requirements

Key Regulatory Bodies and Guidelines

  • FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration):
    • Guidelines: Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP).
    • Reference: 21 CFR Part 210 and 211.
  • ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency):
    • Guidelines: Focuses on thorough documentation and validation.
    • Reference: RDC No. 16/2014.
  • MCC (South African Health Products Regulatory Authority):
    • Guidelines: Adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices.
    • Reference: MCC Guidelines on GMP.
  • TGA (Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australia):
    • Guidelines: Requires strict validation of sterilization and depyrogenation processes.
    • Reference: Australian Code of Good Manufacturing Practice.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization):
    • Guidelines: ISO 13485 for medical devices emphasizes validation and quality management.
    • Reference: ISO 13485:2016.
  • WHO (World Health Organization):
    • Guidelines: Good Manufacturing Practices for pharmaceutical products.
    • Reference: WHO Technical Report Series, No. 937.
  • EMA (European Medicines Agency):
    • Guidelines: Focus on validation of sterilization processes and GMP.
    • Reference: EMA’s Guideline on Good Manufacturing Practice.

 

 

https://gxpcellators.com/regulatory-insights-navigating-clean-utility-qualification-requirements/

 

Tests Under IQ, OQ, and PQ

  • Installation Qualification (IQ):
    • Verification of installation and calibration against specifications.
  • Operational Qualification (OQ):
    • Temperature mapping to ensure uniform heat distribution.
    • Testing conveyor speed and airflow.
  • Performance Qualification (PQ):
    • Use of biological indicators to validate effective pyrogen removal.
    • Repeat testing to confirm consistent performance.

Regulatory Observations

Common observations noted by regulatory agencies such as the FDA, Health Canada, EMA, ANVISA, WHO, ISO, and TGA include:

  • Inadequate documentation of qualification processes.
  • Insufficient temperature control during operations.
  • Lack of regular maintenance and calibration records.
  • Incomplete training of personnel operating the depyrogenating tunnel.

Conclusion

A depyrogenating tunnel is critical for ensuring the safety and quality of injectable pharmaceuticals. Proper qualification and compliance with regulatory requirements are essential to maintaining high safety standards in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Regular audits and adherence to established guidelines are crucial for continuous compliance and operational integrity.

Contact Us

GxP Cellators is a reputable contract services organization that provides comprehensive Good x Practices (GxP) services in Manufacturing, Laboratory, Distribution, Engineering, and Clinical practices to various industries, including pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, and cannabis. We closely collaborate with our esteemed life sciences clients to help them establish greenfield or brownfield projects, guiding them from the project stage to regulatory approval for their GxP sites.

Our team consists of highly qualified experts specializing in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good Clinical Practices (GCP), Good Distribution Practices (GDP), Cleanroom Operations, and Engineering Operations. Our Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) are extensively trained and possess the essential knowledge and skills to excel in their respective domains.

We also have a team of highly skilled validation specialists with expertise in equipment and utilities qualifications, computerized system validations (CSV), thermal validations, clean utilities validation, and cleanroom validations. Please feel free to contact us at info@gxpcellators.com for any assistance required to qualify your facilities or site equipment.

 

https://gxpcellators.com/regulatory-insights-navigating-clean-utility-qualification-requirements/


Site-Utilities-2-scaled.jpg

Clean Utilities Overview for GMP Manufacturing Sites

Clean utilities in GMP manufacturing are critical services required to support production processes, particularly in sterile and parenteral product manufacturing. These utilities must meet stringent quality standards to avoid contamination risks. Clean utilities include systems like Purified Water (PW), Water for Injection (WFI), Clean Steam, Compressed Air, Nitrogen, and HVAC systems for cleanroom environments.

Why Clean Utilities are Required for Sterile and Parenteral Sites

  1. Sterility Assurance: Parenteral products bypass the body’s natural defense barriers (skin, digestive system), so the highest level of sterility and cleanliness must be maintained.
  2. Contamination Control: Any contamination in utilities such as water or air could directly lead to product contamination, leading to serious health risks for patients.
  3. Regulatory Compliance: Sterile manufacturing facilities are heavily regulated by bodies like FDA, EMA, WHO, ANVISA, etc., and utilities must comply with stringent purity and operational standards to avoid cross-contamination.

Detailed Overview of Each Clean Utility

  1. Purified Water (PW)
    • Purpose: Used for cleaning and some manufacturing processes.
    • Basic Installation Requirements:
      • Stainless steel piping (316L).
      • Recirculation systems with sanitary pumps.
      • Appropriate filtration and UV treatment.
      • Regular sanitization of the system.
    • Qualification:
      • DQ: Define system design.
      • IQ: Verify the installation and calibration of instruments.
      • OQ: Validate operational parameters (flow, pressure).
      • PQ: Ensure water quality meets required specifications (TOC, conductivity).
    • Regulatory References: FDA CFR 211.67, EU-GMP Annex 1, WHO TRS 970.
    • Documentation: URS, FDS, FAT, SAT, IQ, OQ, PQ protocols, and water testing records.
  2. Water for Injection (WFI)
    • Purpose: Used in injectable product manufacturing and equipment sterilization.
    • Basic Installation Requirements:
      • Distillation or reverse osmosis system.
      • Stainless steel distribution loop with continuous recirculation.
      • High-temperature storage or ozonation to prevent microbial growth.
    • Qualification:
      • Same as PW but with stricter microbial control and endotoxin testing during PQ.
    • Regulatory References: FDA CFR 211.67, EU-GMP Annex 1, WHO TRS 970, ISO 22519.
    • Documentation: URS, design documents, IQ, OQ, PQ protocols, microbial and endotoxin test results.
  3. Clean Steam
    • Purpose: Used for sterilizing equipment and product-contact surfaces.
    • Basic Installation Requirements:
      • Use high-grade feed water (WFI).
      • Stainless steel piping and insulation to prevent heat loss.
      • Pressure and temperature control.
    • Qualification:
      • Validate steam quality (purity, dryness fraction).
      • Validate performance under sterilization cycles (temperature, pressure).
    • Regulatory References: FDA CFR 211.63, EU-GMP Annex 1.
    • Documentation: IQ, OQ, PQ of clean steam systems, steam quality test reports.
  4. Compressed Air
    • Purpose: Used in product-contact operations, packaging, and equipment operations.
    • Basic Installation Requirements:
      • Oil-free compressors with appropriate filtration (particulate, microbial).
      • Stainless steel or inert material piping.
      • Adequate drying system to prevent moisture.
    • Qualification:
      • Particulate and microbiological quality tests.
      • Pressure and flow rate validation.
    • Regulatory References: ISO 8573-1, FDA CFR 211.67.
    • Documentation: IQ, OQ, PQ protocols, test results of air purity.
  5. Nitrogen
    • Purpose: Used for inerting, purging, and filling processes.
    • Basic Installation Requirements:
      • High-purity nitrogen supply (liquid or gas).
      • Stainless steel distribution system.
      • Appropriate filtration at point of use.
    • Qualification:
      • Ensure nitrogen purity and microbial control.
      • Verify system integrity and operational parameters.
    • Regulatory References: FDA CFR 211.67, EU-GMP Annex 1.
    • Documentation: IQ, OQ, PQ protocols, purity test results.
  6. HVAC System
    • Purpose: Controls environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, and air cleanliness) in cleanrooms.
    • Basic Installation Requirements:
      • HEPA filtration, laminar airflow, and pressure differentials.
      • Monitoring systems for temperature, humidity, and particulate counts.
      • Stainless steel ducting for cleanliness.
    • Qualification:
      • Airflow patterns, pressure differentials, and particulate testing.
      • Temperature and humidity control validation.
    • Regulatory References: FDA CFR 211.46, EU-GMP Annex 1, ISO 14644-1.
    • Documentation: Airflow diagrams, IQ, OQ, PQ protocols, environmental monitoring data.

Step-by-Step Guide for Qualifying Clean Utilities

  1. Design Qualification (DQ): Verify that the design complies with GMP and regulatory requirements.
    • Document specifications (URS).
    • Review system design drawings and P&ID.
  2. Installation Qualification (IQ): Ensure utilities are installed according to design specifications.
    • Verify materials (e.g., stainless steel grade).
    • Ensure installation meets design and regulatory requirements.
    • Calibrate instruments and ensure alarms function correctly.
  3. Operational Qualification (OQ): Test the operation of each utility system to ensure it meets performance criteria.
    • Validate flow rates, pressures, temperatures.
    • Test system control and alarms.
    • Verify utility-specific tests like microbial control or steam dryness fraction.
  4. Performance Qualification (PQ): Ensure the system consistently performs within defined quality limits under actual operating conditions.
    • Perform microbial, endotoxin, and particulate tests.
    • Conduct multiple runs to demonstrate consistent performance.
    • Document results and verify they meet regulatory requirements.

Regulatory References for Qualifying Clean Utilities

  • FDA: 21 CFR Parts 210 and 211.
  • Health Canada: GUI-0031, Annex 2 of the GMP guidelines.
  • EU-GMP: Annex 1 for sterile manufacturing.
  • ISO: ISO 14644 (Cleanrooms), ISO 8573 (Compressed Air).
  • WHO: WHO TRS 970, Annex 2.
  • ANVISA: RDC 301/2019 (Good Manufacturing Practices).
  • TGA: Australian GMPs, specific sections on water, air, and utilities.
  • MCC: South African Guidelines on GMP.

Required Documentation for Clean Utility Qualification

  1. User Requirement Specification (URS).
  2. Functional Design Specification (FDS).
  3. System Drawings (P&ID).
  4. Factory Acceptance Test (FAT).
  5. Site Acceptance Test (SAT).
  6. Installation Qualification (IQ) protocols and reports.
  7. Operational Qualification (OQ) protocols and reports.
  8. Performance Qualification (PQ) protocols and reports.
  9. Certificates of compliance (materials, calibration).
  10. Test records (microbiological, endotoxin, particulate).

Regulatory Warning Letters and Observations Related to Clean Utilities

Common observations in warning letters relate to:

  • Inadequate Water System Monitoring: Microbial and endotoxin monitoring failures (FDA 483 observations).
  • Poor Compressed Air Quality: Failure to validate the purity of compressed air used in product-contact areas.
  • HVAC System Failures: Inadequate environmental controls leading to contamination risks.
  • Improper Qualification of Utilities: Lack of thorough qualification protocols or failure to maintain documentation.

These citations highlight the need for strict adherence to regulatory requirements and diligent monitoring of clean utilities to maintain compliance and ensure product quality.

Contact Us

GxP Cellators is a reputable contract services organization that provides comprehensive Good x Practices (GxP) services in Manufacturing, Laboratory, Distribution, Engineering, and Clinical practices to various industries, including pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, and cannabis. We closely collaborate with our esteemed life sciences clients to help them establish greenfield or brownfield projects, guiding them from the project stage to regulatory approval for their GxP sites.

Our team consists of highly qualified experts specializing in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good Clinical Practices (GCP), Good Distribution Practices (GDP), Cleanroom Operations, and Engineering Operations. Our Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) are extensively trained and possess the essential knowledge and skills required to excel in their respective domains.

We also have a team of highly skilled validation specialists with expertise in equipment and utilities qualifications, computerized system validations (CSV), thermal validations, clean utilities validation, and cleanroom validations. Please feel free to reach out to us at info@gxpcellators.com for any assistance required during the qualification of your facilities or site equipment.

 


Purified-Water.jpg

What is Purified Water?

Purified Water (PW) hasWaterrgone a treatment process to remove impurities, contaminants, and other unwanted substances. It meets stringent quality requirements and standards in various industries, especially in pharmaceutical and biologics manufacturing. The primary goal is to achieve high purity suitable for drug formulation, production, and equipment cleaning.

Why is Purified Water Required in the Pharma/Biologics Industry?

  • Product Safety: Water is often used as an ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations. Impurities in water can contaminate products, affect their quality, or cause adverse health effects.
  • Sterility: In biologics manufacturing, the presence of microorganisms or pyrogens can compromise the efficacy and safety of biopharmaceuticals, especially injectables.
  • Cleaning & Sterilization: Purified water is essential for cleaning equipment and sterilizing manufacturing lines to ensure no contamination or residue is left behind.
  • Regulatory Compliance: Pharmaceutical manufacturing requires strict adherence to regulatory standards for water quality to avoid contamination risks and ensure drug safety.

How is Purified Water Generated in the Pharma Setup?

The generation of Purified Water in pharmaceutical facilities involves several steps using various technologies, often in combination, to meet stringent quality specifications.

Common Water Purification Technologies:

  • Pre-treatment: Raw water is first treated with pre-treatment, including filtration, to remove large particles, sediment, and organic matter.
  • Reverse Osmosis (RO) removes dissolved salts, organic molecules, and most bacteria and pyrogens by passing water through a Wateri-permeable membrane.
  • Deionization: Utilizes ion-exchange resins to remove ionized minerals and salts.
  • Distillation involves boiling water and condensing the steam to separate out contaminants and ensure high purity. It is used when high purity is required (e.g., for Water for Injection).
  • Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilization: UV light can be used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms.
  • Filtration (Ultra-filtration and Nanofiltration): Further refines the water to remove water residual particles, pyrogens, and microorganisms.

Purified Water Specifications (General Guidelines)

According to various pharmacopeias (e.g., USP, Ph. Eur., JP), Purified Water must meet the following criteria:

  • Conductivity: ≤1.3 μS/cm at 25°C (United States Pharmacopeia – USP)
  • Total Organic Carbon (TOC): ≤500 ppb
  • Microbial Limits: Typically <100 CFU/mL, depending on the intended use
  • Endotoxin Levels: Must be controlled, especially for biopharmaceuticals, where low endotoxin content is crucial.

The limits between regulatory authorities and pharmacopeias may vary slightly, but the above represent typical industry standards.

Step-by-Step Qualification of Purified Water System

  • Design Qualification (DQ): Ensure that the system is designed according to GMP guidelines and meets the water quality requirements based on the product and processes.
  • Installation Qualification (IQ): Verify that the water system has been installed correctly, that it follows the design specifications, and that all components, equipment, and instruments are installed properly.
  • Operational Qualification (OQ): Confirm that the water system operates within specified parameters and produces water of watered quality. This includes testing all system functions, such as pumps, filters, and control systems.
  • Performance Qualification (PQ): Demonstrate that the system consistently produces purified water that meets Water’s required specifications under actual operational conditions over an extended period.
  • Monitoring & Maintenance: Regular testing and monitoring for conductivity, TOC, microbial counts, and endotoxins to ensure ongoing compliance.

The Art of Crafting a Comprehensive Validation Plan for Life Sciences Site Utilities | GxP Cellators Consultants Ltd.

 

 

 

Depyrogenating Tunnels

 

 

Regulatory Requirements

Purified Water systems are subject to stringent regulatory oversight to ensure compliance with pharmaceutical and biologics standards. Key regulatory guidelines include:

  • FDA (Food and Drug Administration): In the United States, PW must comply with Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) regulations under 21 CFR Part 211, which outline requirements for the production, testing, and maintenance of water systems. FDA Warning Letters often cite deficiencies in water system validation and maintenance.
  • WHO (World Health Organization): WHO’s Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products provide guidelines for water purification, storage, and distribution, emphasizing microbiological control and endotoxin levels.
  • EU-GMP (European Union): The EU-GMP guidelines (Annex 1) specify requirements for water systems. They emphasize sterile product manufacturing, with a particular focus on microbiological purity and endotoxins.
  • Health Canada: Health Canada’s GMP Guidelines (GUI-0001) outline similar requirements for water purity, including the validation, maintenance, and monitoring of water systems in the pharmaceutical industry.
  • ICH (International Council for Harmonisation): The ICH Q7A Guideline for Good Manufacturing Practice for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients also addresses water quality requirements, especially for non-sterile and sterile production.

Regulatory Citations and Warning Letters

Several regulatory agencies issue Warning Letters for non-compliance with water system validation, testing, and maintenance requirements. Common deficiencies include:

  • Microbial Contamination: Failure to maintain water systems properly, leading to microbial growth.
  • Poor System Validation: Inadequate validation and qualification of the water purification system.
  • Endotoxin Levels: High levels of endotoxins detected in purified water.
  • ImpropeWateritoring: Lack of continuous or periodic water quality monitoring, including microbial counts and TOC.
  • Examples:
    FDA Warning Letter: In one case, a pharmaceutical company was cited for failing to validate their water purification system adequately. The system had a history of microbial contamination, yet corrective actions were insufficient.
  • EU GMP Non-Compliance: A biologics facility in Europe was found non-compliant due to inadequate control of its purified water system, which led to endotoxin contamination in its final product.

Benefits of Purified Water in Pharma/Biologics Manufacturing

  • Consistency in Quality: Ensures that products are made using water-free contaminants, leading to safe and effective pharmaceuticals.
  • Regulatory Compliance: Avoids costly penalties, warning letters, and product recalls due to non-compliance.
  • Operational Efficiency: Reduces the risk of equipment malfunction or contamination, leading to fewer production halts and reworks.
  • Product Safety: Prevents adverse patient reactions by reducing impurities, endotoxins, and microbial contamination in drugs.

Conclusion

Purified Water is a more significant component in pharmaceutical and biologics manufacturing. Its generation requires carefully validated systems to meet regulatory requirements from agencies like the FDA, WHO, EU GMP, and Health Canada. Regular monitoring and proper water system qualification are essential to ensure product quality and safety.

Contact Us

GxP Cellators is a reputable contract services organization that provides comprehensive Good x Practices (GxP) services in Manufacturing, Laboratory, Distribution, Engineering, and Clinical practices to various industries, including pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, and cannabis. We closely collaborate with our esteemed life sciences clients to help them establish greenfield or brownfield projects, guiding them from the project stage to regulatory approval for their GxP sites.

Our team consists of highly qualified experts specializing in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good Clinical Practices (GCP), Good Distribution Practices (GDP), Cleanroom Operations, and Engineering Operations. Our Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) are extensively trained and possess the essential knowledge and skills to excel in their respective domains.

We also have a team of highly skilled validation specialists with expertise in equipment and utilities qualifications, computerized system validations (CSV), thermal validations, clean utilities validation, and cleanroom validations. Please contact us at info@gxpcellators.com for assistance qualifying your facilities or site equipment.


Our Presence


Saskatchewan, CanadaFrankfurt, Germany

Toronto, CanadaNorth Carolina, USA

Indiana, USACalgary, AB (Canada)